Emotional Awareness and Friendship in Relation to Problem-Solving Skills Among Muslim Students

Alif Muarifah; Rohmatus Naini; Diki Herdiansyah; Bagus Gilang Pratama; Rizqullah Bayhaqil Hakim

doi:10.25217/0020269829700

Authors

Alif Muarifah Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia
Rohmatus Naini Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia
Diki Herdiansyah Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia
Bagus Gilang Pratama Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Rizqullah Bayhaqil Hakim Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25217/0020269829700

Abstract

Adolescents’ social-emotional functioning is closely linked to how they manage academic and interpersonal demands in school settings. However, limited evidence exists on how emotional awareness and friendship quality are simultaneously associated with problem-solving skills among Muslim high school students. This study examines the associations among emotional awareness, friendship quality, and problem-solving skills in adolescents. A quantitative cross-sectional correlational design was employed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). A total of 186 high school students aged 15–18 years in Yogyakarta, Indonesia participated in the study. Emotional awareness-related regulation, friendship quality, and problem-solving skills were measured using validated self-report instruments. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted prior to SEM analysis using AMOS version 20. The findings indicated that emotional awareness and friendship quality were significantly associated with adolescents’ problem-solving skills. These findings suggest significant associations between emotional awareness, friendship quality, and problem-solving skills in adolescents. The results are based on cross-sectional data and should not be interpreted as causal relationships.

References

Adiyanti, M. G., Nugraheni, A. A., Yuliawanti, R., Ragasukmasuci, L. B., & Maharani, M. (2020). Emotion regulation and empathy as mediators of self-esteem and friendship quality in predicting cyberbullying tendency in Javanese-Indonesian adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.161407

Aigbogun, O., Fawehinmi, O., Xing, M., & Tajuddin, S. A. F. S. A. (2024). Deciphering the mediating role of problem-solving skills in predicting employee turnover intention decision. Asian Development Policy Review, 12(1), 53–69. 10.55493/5008.v12i1.4972

Almasi, N., & Khorasgani, N. S. (2018). Investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and effectiveness of educational administration in city of Isfahan. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 6(1), 19–24. 10.18510/hssr.2018.614

Amalina, I. K., & Vidákovich, T. (2023). Cognitive and socioeconomic factors that influence the mathematical problem-solving skills of students. Heliyon, 9(9). 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19539

Anderson, D., Thomas, G. P., & Nashon, S. M. (2009). Social barriers to meaningful engagement in biology field trip group work. Science Education, 93(3), 511–534. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20304

Astuti, N., Rusilowati, A., & Subali, B. (2021). STEM-Based Learning Analysis to Improve Students’ Problem Solving Abilities in Science Subject: a Literature Review. Journal of Innovative Science Education, 9(3), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.15294/jise.v9i2.38505

Azizah, N. A., Sudiarditha, I. K. R., & Pratama, A. (2022). The Influence Of Emotional Intelligence And Self Efficacy On Students Critical Thinking Skills In Class Xi Ips At Sman 41 Jakarta. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Literature, 1(6), 620–628. https://doi.org/10.53067/ijomral.v1i6.60

Babaei, M., Mohammadian, M., Abdollahi, M., & Hatami, A. (2018). Relationship between big five personality factors, problem solving and medical errors. Heliyon, 4(9). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(18)33738-1. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00789

Bernard, D. M. (2023). Emotional Literacy and Self-Awareness in Adolescents: Exploring Brené Brown’s Atlas of the Heart for Schools. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 7(3), 6775–6798. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v7i3.6673

Bishop, C., Brown, T., & Yu, M.-L. (2023). The relationship between school-age children’s interoceptive awareness and executive functioning: An exploratory study. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 86(2), 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/03080226221128184

Blakemore, S. J. (2018). Development of the adolescent brain: Implications for executive function and social cognition. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, S1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.017

Blickensderfer, B. L., Boquet, A. J., Brunelle, N. D., Pharmer, J. A., & Shappell, S. A. (2010). Teaching the Future Human Factors and Ergonomics Professionals to Solve Practical Problems. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 54(8), 684–687. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193121005400808

Bodie, G. D., Vickery, A. J., Cannava, K., & Jones, S. M. (2015). The Role of “Active Listening” in Informal Helping Conversations: Impact on Perceptions of Listener Helpfulness, Sensitivity, and Supportiveness and Discloser Emotional Improvement. Western Journal of Communication, 79(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2014.943429

Bowker, A. (2004). Predicting Friendship Stability During Early Adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 24(2), 85–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431603262666

Bowker, J. C., & Rubin, K. H. (2009). Self‐consciousness, friendship quality, and adolescent internalizing problems. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X295623

Burk, W. J., & Laursen, B. (2005). Adolescent perceptions of friendship and their associations with individual adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000342

Carapeto, M. J., Domingos, R., & Veiga, G. (2022). Attachment and depressive symptoms in adolescence: The mediatory role of emotion awareness. Behavioral Sciences, 12(10), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100405

Castillo-Miranda, C. A., Castro-Guerrero, C. F., Velasco-Ocejo, H. A., Gonzalez-Sanchez, J. A., Flores-Cerda, G. O., Ramos-Galvan, C. E., Rivera-Armenta, J. L., & Morales-Cepeda, A. B. (2019). Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) on Hydroxyethylcellulose/Polyacrylamide Gel (HEC/PAAm) as a Proposal for a Dermatological Compress: Mathematical Modeling of ASA Release Kinetics. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2019, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4597641

Ciarrochi, J., Kashdan, T. B., Leeson, P., Heaven, P., & Jordan, C. (2011). On being aware and accepting: A one-year longitudinal study into adolescent well-being. Journal of Adolescence, 34(4), 695–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.003

Cimino, S., Di Vito, P., & Cerniglia, L. (2022). The role of emotional dysregulation, impulsivity traits and aggressive behaviors in adolescents who sustain multiple motor-vehicle crashes. Brain Sciences, 12(12), 1599. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121599

Cook, S., Herold, K., Edidin, D. V., & Briars, R. (2002). Increasing Problem Solving in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: The Choices Diabetes Program. The Diabetes Educator, 28(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/014572170202800113

Darvishi, M., Atef Vahid, M. K., Elhami Athar, M., Trejos-Castillo, E., & Habibi Asgarabad, M. (2022). The explanation of adolescent delinquent behaviors based on Jessor’s problem behavior theory (PBT) in Iran: The role of individual vulnerability, opportunity risk availability, and perceived support. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 744794. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.744794

Dias, D. and Barroso, R. (2020). When It Rains While The Sun Is Shining: School Climate As An Echo Of The (Future) Social Climate., 344-348. https://doi.org/10.36315/2020end07.

Donovan, J. E. (1996). Problem-Behavior Theory and the Explanation of Adolescent Marijuana Use. Journal of Drug Issues, 26(2), 379–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204269602600205

Dou, Q., Chang, R., & Xu, H. (2023). Body dissatisfaction and social anxiety among adolescents: A moderated mediation model of feeling of inferiority, family cohesion and friendship quality. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 18(3), 1469–1489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10148-1

Dumontheil, I. (2014). Development of abstract thinking during childhood and adolescence: The role of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.009

Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The Impact of Enhancing Students’ Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta‐Analysis of School‐Based Universal Interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x

Ersoy, M. E. D. E. (2016). Examining the relationship of social skills, problem solving and bullying in adolescents. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences ISSN, 1309–2707. 10.15345/iojes.2016.01.001

Fedorenko, M., Belousova, M., & Chetyrchinskaya, T. (2019). Emotional intelligence, anxiety and aggression as predictors of destructive behaviour and offences of teenagers. ARPHA Proceedings, 1, 1719–1730. 10.3897/ap.1.e1266

Flannery, K. M., & Smith, R. L. (2021a). Breaking Up (With a Friend) Is Hard to Do: An Examination of Friendship Dissolution Among Early Adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 41(9), 1368–1393. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211002266

Flannery, K. M., & Smith, R. L. (2021b). Breaking Up (With a Friend) Is Hard to Do: An Examination of Friendship Dissolution Among Early Adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 41(9), 1368–1393. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211002266

Furqani, Z. N. N. (2020). The role of emotional intelligence in adolescent development. 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019), 277–280. 10.2991/assehr.k.200120.058

Gaughan, M. (2006). The Gender Structure of Adolescent Peer Influence on Drinking. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650604700104

Green, J. H., Passarelli, R. E., Smith‐Millman, M. K., Wagers, K., Kalomiris, A. E., & Scott, M. N. (2019). A study of an adapted social–emotional learning: Small group curriculum in a school setting. Psychology in the Schools, 56(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22180

Gribble, N., Ladyshewsky, R. K., & Parsons, R. (2018). Changes in the emotional intelligence of occupational therapy students during practice education: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 81(7), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022618763501

Grover, K. E., Green, K. L., Pettit, J. W., Monteith, L. L., Garza, M. J., & Venta, A. (2009). Problem solving moderates the effects of life event stress and chronic stress on suicidal behaviors in adolescence. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(12), 1281–1290. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20632

Guntz, T., Crowley, J. L., Vaufreydaz, D., Balzarini, R., & Dessus, P. (2018). The role of emotion in problem solving: First results from observing chess. Proceedings of the Workshop on Modeling Cognitive Processes from Multimodal Data, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3279810.3279846

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Rolph, E. A. (2018). Multivariate Data Analysis: Eight Edition. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119409137.ch4

Handayani, B. C., Ahyar, M., Sahri, W., Murzaki, L. A., & Abdussyakur, A. (2025). The Role of Islamic Education in Constructing Family Resilience: A Socio-Theological Study. Jurnal Islam Nusantara, 9(2), 332–350. https://doi.org/10.33852/jurnalnu.v9i2.645

Hamilton, J. L., Stange, J. P., Kleiman, E. M., Hamlat, E. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2014). Cognitive vulnerabilities amplify the effect of early pubertal timing on interpersonal stress generation during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 824–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0015-5

Harisman, Y., Noto, M. S., & Hidayat, W. (2020). Experience student background and their behavior in problem solving. Infinity Journal, 9(1), 59–68. DOI: 10.22460/infinity.v9i1.p59-68

Hessler, D. M., & Katz, L. F. (2010). Brief report: Associations between emotional competence and adolescent risky behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.04.007

Hill-Briggs, F., & Gemmell, L. (2007). Problem Solving in Diabetes Self-management and Control. The Diabetes Educator, 33(6), 1032–1050. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721707308412

Hoseini, A. S. S., Maleki, M., Mardani, A., & Abbasi, S. (2024). Developing the concept of maternal in teenage mothers: A hybrid model. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1246882. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1246882

Hu, Y., & Jiang, X. (2022). Hope as an engine mediating the relation between parental attachment and social problem solving skills in adolescents. School Psychology International, 43(3), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/01430343221091991

Huggins, C. F., Donnan, G., Cameron, I. M., & Williams, J. H. (2021). Emotional self-awareness in autism: A meta-analysis of group differences and developmental effects. Autism, 25(2), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320964306

Isnaini, R., Ayuningtyas, I., & Suhendarto, A. (2014). Pengembangan Inventori Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle (Wel) Untuk Remaja. Pelita-Jurnal Penelitian Mahasiswa UNY.

Jessor, R., Turbin, M. S., Costa, F. M., Dong, Q., Zhang, H., & Wang, C. (2003). Adolescent Problem Behavior in China and the United States: A Cross‐National Study of Psychosocial Protective Factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(3), 329–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1303004

Johnston, R. J. (2022). Knowing Friendships: A Qualitative Inquiry of Friendship, Mental Health, and Power in the Lives of Teenage Girls [PhD Thesis, Carleton University].

Khichi, H., & Teotia, Dr. A. (2023). Impact of Peer Attachment on Problem Solving among Adoloscents. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 4(6), 1467–1471. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.4.623.44619

Kırıcı Tekeli, E., & Özkoç, A. G. (2022). The mediating role of emotional intelligence on the impact of perfectionism on problem-solving skills: An application for tourist guides. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 5(3), 588–611. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-11-2020-0216

Koven, N. S. (2011). Specificity of meta-emotion effects on moral decision-making. Emotion, 11(5), 1255. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025616

Kozmová, M. (2015). Emotions during Non-Lucid Problem-Solving Dreams as Evidence of Secondary Consciousness,. Comprehensive Psychology, 4, 09.CP.4.6. https://doi.org/10.2466/09.CP.4.6

Kranzler, A., Young, J. F., Hankin, B. L., Abela, J. R. Z., Elias, M. J., & Selby, E. A. (2016). Emotional Awareness: A Transdiagnostic Predictor of Depression and Anxiety for Children and Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.987379

Kwok, S. Y. C. L., & Shek, D. T. L. (2010). Cognitive, Emotive, and Cognitive-Behavioral Correlates of Suicidal Ideation among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong. The Scientific World JOURNAL, 10, 366–379. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.42

Lan, X. (2022). Perceived parental warmth, emotional awareness, and positive adjustment profiles in Chinese and Italian early adolescents: A person‐centered approach. Journal of Adolescence, 94(2), 206–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12018

Lansford, J. E., Criss, M. M., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (2003). Friendship Quality, Peer Group Affiliation, and Peer Antisocial Behavior as Moderators of the Link Between Negative Parenting and Adolescent Externalizing Behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(2), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1302002

Lenhart, L. A., & Rabiner, D. L. (1995). An integrative approach to the study of social competence in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 7(3), 543–561. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006684

Lutfauziah, A., Al-Muhdhar, M., Suhadi, S., & Rohman, F. (2020). The Learning Methods Of Problem Solving Skills In Islamic Boarding School: Discussion, Exercise, And Modeling. Jurnal Pena Sains, 7(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.21107/jps.v7i1.6811

Mahirah, A. H., & Tondok, M. S. (2024). Responsive Parenting and Friendship Quality in Adolescents: Interpersonal Communication Skills as a Mediator. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 6(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.51214/00202406933000

Mak, H. W., Lydon‐Staley, D. M., Lunkenheimer, E., Lai, M. H. C., & Fosco, G. M. (2023). The roles of caregivers and friends in adolescent daily emotion dynamics. Social Development, 32(1), 263–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12637

Mariawan, I. M., & Parwati, N. N. (2018). Types of junior high school students errors in science problem solving. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1040(1), 012039. 10.1088/1742-6596/1040/1/012039

Markiewicz, D., Doyle, A. B., & Brendgen, M. (2001). The quality of adolescents’ friendships: Associations with mothers’ interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 24(4), 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0374

Martínez-González, M. B., Arenas-Rivera, C. P., Cardozo-Rusinque, A. A., Morales-Cuadro, A. R., Acuña-Rodríguez, M., Turizo-Palencia, Y., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2021). Psychological and Gender Differences in a Simulated Cheating Coercion Situation at School. Social Sciences, 10(7), 265.

McCloughen, A., & Foster, K. (2018). Nursing and pharmacy students’ use of emotionally intelligent behaviours to manage challenging interpersonal situations with staff during clinical placement: A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(13–14), 2699–2709. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13865

Millie, A. (2008). Anti‐Social Behaviour in British Cities. Geography Compass, 2(5), 1681–1696. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00135.x

Modi, H. H., Davis, M. M., Miernicki, M. E., Telzer, E. H., & Rudolph, K. D. (2020). Maternal Antecedents to Adolescent Girls’ Neural Regulation of Emotion. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(3), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12545

Monti, J. D., & Rudolph, K. D. (2014). Emotional awareness as a pathway linking adult attachment to subsequent depression. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(3), 374. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000016

Morry, M. M. (2005). Relationship satisfaction as a predictor of similarity ratings: A test of the attraction-similarity hypothesis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(4), 561–584. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505054524

Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J., & Witmer, J. M. (2000). The Wheel of Wellness Counseling for Wellness: A Holistic Model for Treatment Planning. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(3), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01906.x

Myers, J. E., Willse, J. T., & Villalba, J. A. (2011). Promoting Self‐Esteem in Adolescents: The Influence of Wellness Factors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00058.x

Ndugwa, R. P., Kabiru, C. W., Cleland, J., Beguy, D., Egondi, T., Zulu, E. M., & Jessor, R. (2011). Adolescent Problem Behavior in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements: Applying Problem Behavior Theory in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Urban Health, 88(S2), 298–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9462-4

Nuroniah, P., Fitriani, Y., & Sundari, N. (2025). Integration of Islamic Parenting Values to Enhance Social-Emotional Development in Early Childhood: Integration of Islamic Parenting Values to Enhance Social-Emotional Development in Early Childhood. Proceeding Internasional Conference on Child Education, 1(1), 84–97. Retrieved from https://proceeding.unimar.ac.id/index.php/icce/article/view/135

Nurvithasary, U., Mufidah, E. F., Poncogati, A., Nafisah, L. Z., & Rahmahwati, N. P. (2025). Menjaga Keseimbangan Emosi Mahasiswa Muslim: Analisis Regulasi Emosi melalui Praktik Keagamaan. Da’wa, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.36420/bdp58n59

Öztürk, N., & Sumbas, E. (2023). How Do Adolescent Friendships End and How Do Adolescents Experience and Interpret This Development? Kastamonu Education Journal, 31(1), 12–21. doi: 10.24106/kefdergi. 1243309

Ozturk, T., & Guven, B. (2016). Evaluating students’ beliefs in problem solving process: A case study. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2016.1208a

Palloan, P., Usman, U., & Hakim, A. (2021). The influence between self-concept and emotional intelligence on the ability of physics problem solving. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia, 17(1), 31–39.

Piekarski, D. J., Johnson, C. M., Boivin, J. R., Thomas, A. W., Lin, W. C., Delevich, K., Galarce, E. M., & Wilbrecht, L. (2017). Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? Brain Research, 1654, 123–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.042

Puspita, L., Komarudin, K., & Astriani, M. (2020). Analysis of problem-solving skills: Impact of guided inquiry learning model based on Islamic values. Jpbi (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia), 6(2), 347-354. https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v6i2.11240

Rahmawati, Y., Utami, T., Nurjayadi, M., & Mardiah, A. (2020). Using Think-Pair-Share to Develop Students' Social and Emotional Competencies in Chemistry Learning. JKPK (Jurnal Kimia Dan Pendidikan Kimia), 5(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v5i1.13140

Rieffe, C., & Camodeca, M. (2016). Empathy in adolescence: Relations with emotion awareness and social roles. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12133

Riley, T. N., Sullivan, T. N., Hinton, T. S., & Kliewer, W. (2019). Longitudinal relations between emotional awareness and expression, emotion regulation, and peer victimization among urban adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 72, 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.02.005

Roscoe, L. J. (2009). Wellness: A Review of Theory and Measurement for Counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 87(2), 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00570.x

Saraswati, K., & Suleeman, J. (2018). Resilience and Friendship Quality among Late Adolescents from Intact, Divorced, and Remarried Families. Universitas Indonesia International Psychology Symposium for Undergraduate Research (UIPSUR 2017), 323–329. 10.2991/uipsur-17.2018.48

Schaefer, D. R., Simpkins, S. D., Vest, A. E., & Price, C. D. (2011). The contribution of extracurricular activities to adolescent friendships: New insights through social network analysis. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1141. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024091

Schwartz-Mette, R. A., Shankman, J., Dueweke, A. R., Borowski, S., & Rose, A. J. (2020). Relations of friendship experiences with depressive symptoms and loneliness in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(8), 664. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000239

Sekaryanti, R., Darmayanti, R., Choirudin, C., Usmiyatun, U., Kestoro, E., & Bausir, U. (2022). Analysis of Mathematics Problem-Solving Ability of Junior High School Students in Emotional Intelligence. Jurnal Gantang, 7(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.31629/jg.v7i2.4944

Selfhout, M. H. W., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2009). Developmental Trajectories of Perceived Friendship Intimacy, Constructive Problem Solving, and Depression from Early to Late Adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(2), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9273-1

Sharif, A., & Shehzadi, A. (2022). Effects of perceived intrapersonal problem-solving and social competence on emotional regulation in adolescents. Journal of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, 5(2), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.32593/jstmu/Vol5.Iss2.223

Shomaker, L. B., & Furman, W. (2009). Parent—Adolescent relationship qualities, internal working models, and attachment styles as predictors of adolescents’ interactions with friends. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(5), 579–603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509354441

Simpkins, S. D., Schaefer, D. R., Price, C. D., & Vest, A. E. (2013). Adolescent Friendships, BMI , and Physical Activity: Untangling Selection and Influence Through Longitudinal Social Network Analysis. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(3), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00836.x

Smirni, P., Lavanco, G., & Smirni, D. (2020). Anxiety in Older Adolescents at the Time of COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(10), 3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103064

Soliman, A. M. (2014). The Problem-Solving Inventory: Appraisal of Problem Solving in the Arab Context, Factor Structure, and Validation. International Perspectives in Psychology, 3(4), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000020

Speckens, A. E. M., & Hawton, K. (2005). Social Problem Solving in Adolescents with Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Review. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(4), 365–387. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2005.35.4.365

Spender, K., Chen, Y.-W. R., Wilkes-Gillan, S., Parsons, L., Cantrill, A., Simon, M., Garcia, A., & Cordier, R. (2023). The friendships of children and youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. PloS One, 18(8), e0289539. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289539

Stephanou, G., & Balkamou, K. (2011). Children’s attributions and emotions for their friendships with their best friend. Psychology Research, 1(6). 10.17265/2159-5542/2011.06.003

Stevens, E. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Peer Contagion of Depressogenic Attributional Styles Among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-0931-2

Suryani, Y. Y., Wihardjanti, S., Winarno, W., & Istiqlal, M. (2023). Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Mathematical Problem Solving Ability. AlphaMath: Journal of Mathematics Education, 9(1), 16–22. 10.30595/alphamath.v9i1.14166

Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2

Tambychik, T., & Meerah, T. S. M. (2010). Students’ Difficulties in Mathematics Problem-Solving: What do they Say? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.020

Thomas, A. M., Peterson, L., & Goldstein, D. (1997). Problem solving and diabetes regiman adherence by children and adolescents with IDDM in social pressure situations: A reflection of normal development. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(4), 541–561. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/22.4.541

Tosun, A., Gündoğdu, N., Avcı, D., & Gündüz, E. (2025). Determinants of Problem‐Solving Skills of Nursing Students: Solution‐Focused Thinking Skills and Emotional Intelligence. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.14312

Van Doorn, M. D., Branje, S. J., VanderValk, I. E., De Goede, I. H., & Meeus, W. H. (2011). Longitudinal spillover effects of conflict resolution styles between adolescent-parent relationships and adolescent friendships. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022289

Van Harmelen, A.-L., Blakemore, S.-J., Goodyer, I., & Kievit, R. (2019). The interplay between adolescent friendships and resilience following childhood adversity. Adversity and resilience science, 2(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-020-00027-1

Van’t Wout, M., Faught, S., & Menino, D. (2013). Does interoceptive awareness affect the ability to regulate unfair treatment by others? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 880. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00880

Vazsonyi, A. T., Chen, P., Young, M., Jenkins, D., Browder, S., Kahumoku, E., Pagava, K., Phagava, H., Jeannin, A., & Michaud, P.-A. (2008). A test of Jessor’s problem behavior theory in a Eurasian and a Western European developmental context. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(6), 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.06.013

Viola, A., Taggi‐Pinto, A., Sahler, O. J. Z., Alderfer, M. A., & Devine, K. A. (2018). Problem‐solving skills, parent–adolescent communication, dyadic functioning, and distress among adolescents with cancer. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 65(5), e26951. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.26951

Von Salisch, M., Zeman, J., Luepschen, N., & Kanevski, R. (2014). Prospective Relations Between Adolescents’ Social‐emotional Competencies and Their Friendships. Social Development, 23(4), 684–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12064

Vratskikh, I., Masadeh, R., Al-Lozi, M., & Maqableh, M. (2016). The impact of emotional intelligence on job performance via the mediating role of job satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(2), 1–69. 10.5539/ijbm.v11n2p69

Wade, S. L., Kurowski, B. G., Kirkwood, M. W., Zhang, N., Cassedy, A., Brown, T. M., Nielsen, B., Stancin, T., & Taylor, H. G. (2015). Online problem-solving therapy after traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 135(2), e487–e495. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1386

Wagner, U., Galli, L., Schott, B. H., Wold, A., van der Schalk, J., Manstead, A. S., Scherer, K., & Walter, H. (2015). Beautiful friendship: Social sharing of emotions improves subjective feelings and activates the neural reward circuitry. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(6), 801–808. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu121

Wahyuni, S., Pranata, S., Kurniawan, W., Setyowati, R., Heni, H., Wianti, A., Agustini, A., & Hijriani, H. (2024). Discovering the impact of bullying on adolescents through bibliometric analysis. Scripta Medica, 55(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.5937/scriptamed55-47959

Wang, E. (2022). Analysis on the Influence of Environment on Aggression. 2022 3rd International Conference on Mental Health, Education and Human Development (MHEHD 2022), 210–214. 10.2991/assehr.k.220704.040

Weissman, D. G., Nook, E. C., Dews, A. A., Miller, A. B., Lambert, H. K., Sasse, S. F., Somerville, L. H., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020). Low Emotional Awareness as a Transdiagnostic Mechanism Underlying Psychopathology in Adolescence. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(6), 971–988. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620923649

Wolf, S., & Lichand, G. (2023). Nudging parents and teachers to improve learning and reduce child labor in Cote d’Ivoire. Npj Science of Learning, 8(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-023-00180-z

Yap, M. B., Allen, N. B., Leve, C., & Katz, L. F. (2008). Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and socialization of adolescent affect: The moderating role of adolescent temperament. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 688. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013104

Ye, W. E. I. (2022). The Relationship Among Adolescents’ Self-esteem, Emotional Intelligence and Friendship Quality. Available at SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4182275

Zulfiqar, N. (2020). Association between severity of adolescents’ peer problems and moral judgment development. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.33824/PJPR.2020.35.1.2